Numbering of clauses, sub-clauses, sub-sub-clauses shall follow the example of this text(see Table 1). Further detailed sub-clauses is not recommended. Item numbering is used as shown examples below;
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
. . .
(3)
. . .
ISO 2145 specifies the methods of citation and the spoken forms as below;
| Examples of citation: | Examples of spoken form: | |
|
. . . . in clause 4 . . . . . . . see 9.2 . . . . . . . 3rd paragraph in 1.1.2 . . . . |
2 2.1.2 2.11 2.27 |
"two" "two one one" "two eleven" "two twenty-seven" |
All pages of the report shall be numbered by arabic numerals consecutively, the title page, which shall be a recto page, being page 1. When sheets are used on both sides, recto pages shall always carry odd numbers. In case of reproduction by one sheet for each page, the odd page should carry the two numbers for an instance; "7(p.8 blank)".
Unless otherwise specified, an A4 sheet has the effective of (170 x 250 mm) and can contain the characters as;
| characters/line | lines/page |
|
80 (Elite type) 67 (Pica type) |
59 ([1] single spacing) 40 ([1.5] 30 ([2] double spacing) |
Except top of sheet, new clause or sub-clause takes two blank lines before it. A paragraph shall start at the top of lines without indention. One blank line is laid between paragraphs. Good layout is recommended by each organizations using single, one and a half, double or triple spacings. Photoreduction is always considered both for printing and microforms.
Each report shall start with an introduction that states briefly the scope and objectives of the work described, its relation to other work and the broad line of approach. It shall not repeat or paraphrase the abstract, nor give a detailed account of experimental theory, method, or results, nor anticipate the conclusions or recommendations. If there is no separate preface, the information may be included. The introduction does not form part of the main text of the report and shall not be numbered, except, if desired, with the cypher 0(zero).
The core of report should be divided into numbered claused that cover such items as theory, method, results, and discussion. It is frequently convenient to divide clauses into sub-clauses, and sub-sub--clauses, each with its own heading. Further sub-divisions are not normally recommented except for the numbering of items in a list.
The information given in the core of the report should not be too detailed. Descriptions of theory, methods and results should be sufficient to enable an adequately skilled reader to retrace the steps of the investigation. If full description is required, annexes should be used.
A separate discussion clause or, discussion sub-clause in the results clause, may elaborate on any!! new aspects of the work and interpret or comment on the results and the reasoning on which the report's conclusions and recommendations are found.
The conslusions shall be independent from the core of report, and represent a clear and orderly presentation of the deductions made after full consideration of the work. Qyantative data may be included but the details should not be given here.
Recommendations are concise statements of further action deemed necessary as a direct result of the conclusions or of experience. They are not always required. In most reports the conclusions and recomendations should be combined in a single final clause by each separate paragraph.
Acknowledgements of the help in performing the work and in preparing the report can be made, although it is not usual to acknowledge routine checking, minor assistance, or general advice. A colleague of the author should appear as co-author if he made a major contribution, or may appear as author of an annex.
Acknowledgements of other work used shall be made in the form of references. Acknowledgement to quoted text and to the use of illustrations and tables may also require the acknowledgement of a copyright; reference should be made in conformity with the provisions of law.
A list of all sources on which the report depends shall be given at the end of the body of the text, and citations shall be made to this list at appropriate places in the text. General references on the broad subject of the report may be cited in the introduction and hence included in the list; however, supplementary literature not cited but considered of interest shall be listed in a separate bibliography, as an annex.
At the caption of a bibliography, explanatory adverb such as comprehensive, selective, twentieth century, etc. may become characteristic.
Entries in the reference list shall comply with ISO-690, which requires that the
element of all bibliographic references be given in the general order:Author/Title/Facts of publication
Examples:
| (Book) | PETERSEN, Sverre. Introduction to Meterology. New York, McGraw Hill, 1941:pp. 202-210. |
| (Paper in a collection) | Howland, D. A Model for hospital system Planning. In: KREWERAS, G. and MORLAT,G., eds. Actes de la 3‚…conference internationale de recherche operationelle, Oslo 1963. Paris, Dunod,1964: pp.203-212 |
| (Article in periodical) | BACHMANN, Wolfgang. Verallgemeinerung und Anwendung der Rayleighschen Theorie der Schallstreuung (Generalization and application of Rayleigh theory of scattering of sound). Acustica 28(4) 1973: pp.223-228. |
| (Report) | LLOYD, John Charles. Application of electronic tonning to shipbuilding, Vol 1: Anticorrosion, ELTON-TR-54. Birkenfield, U.K., Electronic Tonning Laboratory, 1974. |
Because of the large number of periodicals the frequent changes in their titles, references to periodicals in the reference list should state their titles in full. If abbreviations are used they shall comply with ISO 4.
References to parts of books or long papers should state the specific page(s). Terms such as op.cit., loc.cit., ibid and idem, or equivalent terms shall not be used.
The ordering of entries in the reference list shall
To facilitate reading microfilm copies, it is recommended that reference information should appear on the same page as the citation as well as in the reference list. The name(s)/date citations are generally adequate for the reader, although footnotes may also be added, if required.
When numbered citations are used, footnotes provides the only method of meeting this recommendataion. References in footnotes may be shortened by reducing long titles etc.
The form of citation used in the text shall be one of two types corresponding to the ordering method.
| . . . has been noted at altitude as low as 2500m[MacFarland,1974,p.650]. |
| . . . MacFarland(1974,p.650) has noted this at altitude as low as 2500m. |
| . . . information from these sources[Farnfield,1974a)] led to a proposal for the adoption of new terms[Farnfield,1974b)]. |
| . . . has been noted at altitude as low as 2500m[2]. |
| . . . has been noted at altitude as low as 2500m[Ref.2]. |
| . . . MacFarland[2] has noted this at altitude as low as 2500m. |